Astronomical Observations with CCD, sCMOS and EMCCD Cameras

As we delve into the vast expanse of the cosmos, the tools we employ become paramount in unraveling its mysteries. Andor, at the forefront of scientific imaging technology, presents a comprehensive suite of camera solutions tailored for astronomical observations. In this discourse, we embark on a journey through high-performance camera solutions, unveiling the nuances of our new observations and showcasing the diverse array of technologies at our disposal.

Navigating the celestial landscape requires versatile tools capable of capturing its intricacies. Our arsenal encompasses a spectrum of camera technologies, each meticulously engineered to meet the demands of diverse astronomical applications. From CCD to EMCCD and sCMOS, we present a succinct exposition, delineating the advantages of each paradigm for specific astronomical pursuits. Embarking on celestial expeditions, we traverse through real-world projects harnessing the power of Andor's camera solutions. These vignettes serve as beacons, illuminating the myriad possibilities facilitated by our cutting-edge technology. From nebular studies to stellar spectroscopy, these examples showcase the transformative impact of advanced imaging tools in unraveling cosmic enigmas

In our quest for knowledge, informed decision-making is paramount. Interspersed amidst our discourse, we spotlight the invaluable resources offered through the Andor website. These tools empower astronomers to navigate our expansive portfolio, aiding in the selection of the optimal camera solution tailored to their unique projects. This tool is complemented by the bast camera portfolio, from the iKon CCD series to the iXon EMCCD and beyond, each offering is meticulously curated to address specific astronomical requisites. With comprehensive specifications readily accessible, astronomers are equipped to embark on their scientific odyssey with confidence.

With deep-cooled CCD technology, these cameras epitomize precision and sensitivity. Delving into the nuances of CCD cameras, we unveil their unparalleled performance in achieving low read noise and dark current, facilitated by sub-zero temperatures. Ideal for extended exposures spanning from seconds to hours, the iKon series emerges as the quintessential tool for capturing the vast tapestry of the cosmos. The iKon CCD series emerges as a stalwart companion, facilitating groundbreaking discoveries with its unparalleled capabilities. Let us delve deeper into the intricacies of these formidable devices, epitomizing precision, and sensitivity in the pursuit of scientific enlightenment.

Within the illustrious lineage of the iKon CCD series, the iKon-L and iKon-XL stand as exemplars of technological prowess, each catering to distinct astronomical imperatives. Distinguished by variances in sensor size and pixel dimensions, these devices herald a new era of high-resolution imaging. The iKon-L, adorned with a 2k by 2k sensor, epitomizes precision in astronomical imaging. In contrast, the iKon-XL boasts a formidable 4k by 4k sensor, offering an expansive canvas for celestial exploration. Coupled with larger pixel sizes and well depths, these devices transcend conventional boundaries, enabling unparalleled clarity and sensitivity in astronomical observations.

At the heart of the iKon series lies the marvel of back-illuminated sensors, heralding a paradigm shift in quantum efficiency. By harnessing the power of this technology, these devices achieve peak performance, capturing the faintest celestial phenomena with unprecedented fidelity. Moreover, the cooling capabilities of the iKon series, plunging to -100 degrees Celsius, ensure minimal dark current, further enhancing the signal-to-noise ratio. With a dark current value as low as 0.00006 electrons per pixel per second, the iKon-XL emerges as a beacon of precision in astronomical imaging.

As we peer into the horizon of innovation, the iKon-XXL beckons, promising an expansive vista for astronomical exploration. With a colossal 6k by 6k sensor, this device transcends conventional boundaries, offering unprecedented opportunities for exoplanet studies, spectroscopic surveys, and gravitational lensing endeavors. Ideal for large sky surveys, the iKon-XXL emerges as an indispensable tool in unraveling the mysteries of the universe.

Amidst the myriad of scientific endeavors, the iKon CCD series finds its place in pioneering projects that redefine our understanding of the cosmos. The SuperWASP survey stands as a testament to the transformative impact of these devices, spearheading the discovery of exoplanets and celestial phenomena through innovative methodologies. Utilizing a novel amalgamation of Canon telephoto lenses and iKon-L cameras, the SuperWASP survey transcends traditional paradigms, capturing a panoramic view of the celestial sphere. From the detection of transiting exoplanets to the imaging of gamma-ray bursts, these endeavors showcase the versatility and efficacy of Andor's CCD camera solutions in unraveling the mysteries of the cosmos.

One of the fundamental techniques in discovering exoplanets is the transit method, which lies at the core of the SuperWASP project. By meticulously monitoring the brightness of stars, scientists can discern subtle fluctuations indicative of exoplanetary transits. As a planet traverses the stellar disk, a temporary dimming occurs, manifesting as a distinctive dip in the stellar light curve. Through the systematic analysis of these transit events, astronomers unveil the presence of distant worlds orbiting neighboring stars. Since its inception in 2006, the SuperWASP facility has spearheaded the discovery of over 100 exoplanets utilizing 30-second exposures. Despite operating with sensors cooled to a modest -50 degrees Celsius, the project achieves remarkable photometric accuracy, reaching approximately 1% for stars brighter than 11.5 magnitude. This feat underscores the efficacy of the transit method in unraveling the secrets of the cosmos.

For enthusiasts seeking further exploration, resources such as exoplanet.eu/catalog provide a comprehensive repository of confirmed exoplanetary discoveries. Organized by discovery method and project, this compendium offers insights into the diversity of exoplanetary systems uncovered by projects like SuperWASP, perpetuating the spirit of discovery.

Building upon the legacy of SuperWASP, the NGTS project emerges as a beacon of innovation in exoplanetary research. Situated at Cerro Paranal in Chile, NGTS leverages a fleet of fully robotic telescopes equipped with 20-centimeter apertures and custom-designed iKon-L cameras. With a focus on precision and sensitivity, NGTS endeavors to detect Neptune-sized planets through the meticulous observation of K and early M stars. Distinguished by its spectral sensitivity tailored to the nanometer range of 600 to 900, NGTS pushes the boundaries of exoplanetary detection. Equipped with extended NIR infrared sensitivity, NGTS's custom-designed iKon-L cameras pave the way for unprecedented discoveries in the realm of exoplanetary science.

Delving into the nuances of spectral sensitivity, we unveil a spectrum of sensor options available with the iKon-L and iKon-XL CCD cameras. The BV sensor option, serving as the standard choice, caters to observations of stars with peak emissions around 500 nanometers. However, for the discerning astronomer seeking to explore cooler celestial objects emitting in the near-infrared (NIR) range, options such as BR-DD and BEX2-DD sensors offer enhanced sensitivity. By harnessing back-illuminated and deep-depleted sensor technology, these options provide a gateway to unraveling the mysteries of distant and faint objects lurking in the depths of space.

Diving into the realm of astronomical projects, we encounter a tapestry of endeavors leveraging the capabilities of iKon CCD cameras. From the Antarctic Bright Star Survey Telescope (BSST) to RV observations at Pic du Midi, these projects span a diverse array of astronomical pursuits. Utilizing the expansive field of view afforded by iKon-XL cameras, the BSST project endeavors to uncover the secrets of distant exoplanets through meticulous transit observations. Meanwhile, NIA Naval's asteroid observations and space debris surveillance underscores the versatility of iKon cameras in addressing a broad spectrum of scientific inquiries.

Amidst the plethora of resources offered by Andor, the suite of web tools stands as a beacon of empowerment for astronomers. The signal-to-noise ratio calculator, a cornerstone of scientific inquiry, facilitates comparative analysis of camera performance across diverse parameters. By adjusting exposure time and wavelength, astronomers gain insights into the signal-to-noise characteristics of Andor cameras, empowering informed decision-making in the selection of imaging solutions. Through intuitive interface controls, users can compare Andor cameras and custom configurations, adjusting parameters to visualize the signal-to-noise ratio plotted against photons per pixel. This invaluable tool empowers astronomers to navigate the complex landscape of camera selection, ensuring optimal performance tailored to the unique requirements of their scientific endeavors. These tools provide invaluable insights into camera performance and compatibility with telescope systems, facilitating informed decision-making and accelerating the pace of discovery.

Andor’s signal-to-noise ratio calculator presents user-friendly interface and intuitive controls. By selecting from a range of predefined cameras or custom configurations, astronomers can compare signal-to-noise characteristics across diverse parameters. Adjusting exposure time and wavelength allows for dynamic visualization of signal-to-noise ratio plotted against photons per pixel, empowering astronomers to assess camera performance under varying observational conditions. In a testament to the utility of Andor's web tools, a video simulation curated by colleague Adam Weiss offers further elucidation. Through interactive demonstrations, users gain insights into camera performance under different lighting conditions and spectral sensitivities. By comparing front-illuminated sCMOS cameras with EMCCD counterparts, astronomers can discern the advantages of each technology, particularly in low-light scenarios essential for astronomical observations.

Andor introduces a revolutionary tool for estimating telescope compatibility and field of view. By inputting telescope parameters such as focal length, aperture, and average seeing conditions, users derive critical insights into field of view, image scale, and pixel size requirements. With a comprehensive overview of camera and telescope specifications, astronomers can seamlessly integrate Andor cameras into their observational setups, maximizing efficiency and performance. With a commitment to excellence and a vision for the future, Andor continues to revolutionize astronomical imaging, propelling the scientific community towards new frontiers of exploration and understanding.

With their revolutionary electron multiplying technology and on-chip amplification, these cameras redefine the boundaries of low-light imaging, empowering astronomers to explore the cosmos with unprecedented clarity and precision. Thanks to the technology of electron multiplying (EM) and through on-chip amplification of the signal, these cameras elevate the faintest celestial phenomena well above the read noise floor, even at high speeds. This inherent sensitivity in low-light conditions revolutionizes astronomical imaging, enabling the detection of elusive cosmic phenomena previously beyond reach. Moreover, the absence of a mechanical shutter in iXon EMCCD cameras simplifies operation, thanks to the innovative frame transfer structure. By seamlessly transitioning between image capture and readout, these cameras ensure uninterrupted observation, maximizing efficiency and data acquisition in astronomical endeavors.

Andor offers two exemplary options within the iXon EMCCD camera series: the iXon 888 and 897. Distinguished by variations in sensor size, pixel dimensions, and well depth, these cameras cater to diverse astronomical requirements. Whether capturing full-frame images or specifying regions of interest for enhanced readout rates, astronomers benefit from unparalleled flexibility and performance. With ultra-low read noise and back-illuminated sensors, the iXon EMCCD cameras guarantee exceptional image quality and proximity, ensuring the fidelity of astronomical observations across a broad spectrum of applications.

Using the iXon EMCCD cameras, we encounter the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA). Nestled within a Boeing 747SP aircraft, SOFIA carries a 2.7-meter reflecting telescope, soaring above 99% of Earth's infrared-blocking atmosphere. This unique vantage point affords astronomers unprecedented access to the infrared universe, enabling observations of stellar evolution, planetary phenomena, and beyond. From the study of solar system objects to the exploration of distant galaxies, SOFIA exemplifies the transformative impact of iXon EMCCD cameras in unraveling the mysteries of the cosmos. Through meticulous observation and groundbreaking discoveries, astronomers harness the power of Andor's imaging solutions to push the boundaries of scientific inquiry and illuminate the depths of space.

Andor's iXon EMCCD cameras emerge as indispensable tools, shaping the landscape of scientific inquiry with their unparalleled sensitivity and adaptability. From the soaring heights of the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA) to the pristine skies of La Silla Observatory in Chile, these cameras serve as beacons of innovation, driving discovery and pushing the boundaries of knowledge. Within the confines of the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA), Andor's iXon EMCCD cameras play a pivotal role in optimizing telescope instrumentation. Equipped with a suite of cameras, spectrometers, and polarimeters, SOFIA harnesses the power of infrared observation to unravel the mysteries of the cosmos. Notably, the Focal Plane Imager Plus, enhanced with an iXon Ultra 888 camera, facilitates precise telescope pointing and optical tracking, ensuring accuracy and reliability in celestial observations. With a recent upgrade enhancing sensitivity, reducing noise, and accelerating readout speed, these cameras exemplify the transformative potential of EMCCD technology in astronomical instrumentation. Andor demonstrates its commitment to innovation through customization. Recognizing the diverse operating conditions within the telescope assembly, Andor engineers collaborate closely with astronomers to develop customized iXon EMCCD cameras tailored to specific environmental parameters. From temperature and pressure variations to distinct site requirements, these customized solutions ensure optimal performance and reliability in the most demanding of observational environments.

Venturing to the pristine skies of La Silla Observatory in Chile, Andor's iXon EMCCD cameras find application in the Two-Color Instrument, a pioneering endeavor in lucky imaging. By leveraging the high frame rates and sensitivity of iXon EMCCD cameras, astronomers at La Silla Observatory employ the shift-and-add technique to enhance spatial resolution and uncover hidden celestial phenomena. From the detection of exoplanets to the observation of asteroid rings, these cameras enable a diverse array of scientific discoveries, underscoring their versatility and impact in astronomical research.

Andor's state-of-the-art sCMOS cameras emerge as indispensable tools, revolutionizing astronomical observations with their unmatched speed, sensitivity, and versatility. From capturing fleeting celestial events to unraveling the intricate tapestry of the universe, these cameras stand at the forefront of astronomical instrumentation, empowering researchers to push the boundaries of discovery. Andor's sCMOS cameras embody a paradigm shift in astronomical imaging, offering a host of benefits tailored to the demands of modern research. Characterized by low read noise, high frame rates, and exceptional resolution, sCMOS cameras redefine the boundaries of astronomical observation. Unlike traditional CCD sensors, sCMOS sensors feature an innovative architecture that enables on-chip charge-to-voltage conversion within each pixel, eliminating the need for charge transfer mechanisms and mechanical shutters. This revolutionary design translates into unparalleled speed, efficiency, and reliability, making sCMOS cameras the ideal choice for applications requiring short exposures and high-speed imaging.

Delving into Andor's comprehensive portfolio of sCMOS cameras unveils a spectrum of options tailored to diverse research needs. From the back-illuminated Marana, with its large pixel size and superior quantum efficiency, to the front-illuminated NEO and Zyla models, each camera offers unique features designed to excel in specific applications. The Marana's cooling capabilities and sensor options make it a powerhouse for high-speed imaging, while the NEO's true global shutter function and high frame rates ensure precision and accuracy in dynamic observations. Similarly, the Zyla cameras, equipped with camera link options and advanced read-noise behavior, cater to a wide range of research requirements, from rapid data acquisition to precise timing control.

The impact of Andor's sCMOS cameras reverberates across the astronomical community, fueling groundbreaking discoveries and transformative research endeavors. From transient phenomena like supernovae and gamma-ray bursts to the precise characterization of exoplanets and stellar populations, sCMOS cameras enable astronomers to probe the depths of space with unparalleled clarity and precision. Whether capturing the intricacies of galactic dynamics or unraveling the mysteries of the early universe, these cameras serve as catalysts for scientific advancement, pushing the boundaries of human knowledge and understanding.

The latest breakthrough from Andor, the Balor sCMOS camera, represents the pinnacle of astronomical imaging technology, the Balor camera sets a new standard for speed, sensitivity, and versatility, empowering researchers to unravel the mysteries of the cosmos with unprecedented clarity and precision. The principle of the Balor camera lies a 4k by 4k sCMOS sensor, boasting an impressive 16.9-megapixel resolution and 12-micron pixel size. With a lightning-fast readout time of just 18.5 milliseconds, the Balor camera delivers unparalleled performance, enabling researchers to capture dynamic celestial events with astonishing detail and accuracy. Whether conducting near-Earth object detection, asteroid occultations, or large-scale sky surveys, the Balor camera excels in a wide range of astronomical applications, offering unmatched sensitivity and resolution.

From the detection of near-Earth objects to the study of exoplanets and solar phenomena, the Balor camera unlocks a myriad of research possibilities, revolutionizing our understanding of the universe. With its advanced sensor technology and high-speed imaging capabilities, the Balor camera enables researchers to probe the depths of space with unprecedented precision, shedding light on some of the most profound questions in astrophysics. Whether ca nuances of planetary transits or monitoring space debris in Earth's orbit, the Balor camera stands as a beacon of innovation, driving astronomical discovery to new heights.

In summary, Andor's CCD, EMCCD, and sCMOS cameras represent the pinnacle of astronomical imaging technology, empowering researchers worldwide to push the boundaries of exploration and uncover the mysteries of the universe. With their exceptional performance, innovative features, and unwavering reliability, Andor cameras continue to shape the future of astrophysics and inspire generations of scientists to come.

With a true global shutter, every pixel is exposed simultaneously for the same amount of time, providing a snapshot of the image. In contrast, in rolling shutter mode, each row of pixels starts and ends exposure at slightly different times, creating a rolling wave effect. True global shutter is ideal for applications requiring a snapshot mode.

Simulated global shutter or global reset does not offer a true global shutter exposure. It combines rolling shutter mode with a pulsed light source to simulate global shutter, which may not be suitable for astronomy due to the inability to turn stars on and off like a full light source.

Dr. Juvan-Beaulieu provided information on the quantum efficiency of the Balor sCMOS camera. The Balor, being a front-illuminated sCMOS camera, offers up to 60% QE across the wavelength range, with an absence of fringing effects in the NIR infrared up to 700 nanometers.